MEMS device with improved spring system

ABSTRACT

A system and method in accordance with an embodiment reduces the cross-axis sensitivity of a gyroscope. This is achieved by building a gyroscope using a mechanical transducer that comprises a spring system that is less sensitive to fabrication imperfection and optimized to minimize the response to the rotations other than the intended input rotation axis. The longitudinal axes of the first and second flexible elements are parallel to each other and parallel to the first direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Under 35 U.S.C. 120, this application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/800,612, filed on Jul. 15, 2015 and entitled “MEMS DEVICE WITH IMPROVED SPRING SYSTEM,” which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/361,261, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,097,524, filed on Jan. 30, 2012 and entitled “MEMS DEVICE WITH IMPROVED SPRING SYSTEM,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/553,031, filed on Oct. 28, 2011 and entitled “MEMS GYROSCOPE WITH IMPROVED SPRING SYSTEM”, and is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/558,398, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,534,127, filed on Sep. 11, 2009 and entitled “EXTENSION-MODE ANGULAR VELOCITY SENSOR,” all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to MEMS devices and more particularly to springs utilized in such devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A gyroscope is a sensor that measures angular velocity about a sensitive axis. An ideal yaw gyroscope is sensitive to angular velocity about the Z-axis, which is normal to a plane of the sensor. Ideal pitch and roll gyroscopes are sensitive to angular velocities about the X-axis and the Y-axis which are orthogonal in the plane of the sensor. Ideally, all three gyroscope sensitive axes are mutually orthogonal.

Fabrication imperfections can cause the sensitive axis to deviate from the ideal input axis. For example a yaw gyroscope, which responds to angular velocity about the Z-axis, can also respond to angular velocity about the X-axis and/or the Y-axis.

Cross-axis sensitivity is a measure of the gyroscope sensitivity to angular velocity about an axis orthogonal to the intended input axes. Cross-axis sensitivity causes errors in a system using a gyroscope because the gyroscope responds to angular velocity about an axis other than the intended axis. For example, if the yaw gyroscope has cross-axis sensitivity, it would be responsive to the angular velocity around the X-axis and/or the Y-axis. Hence, the output of the yaw gyroscope would show a response as if there is a Z axis angular velocity although the actual angular velocity is around the X-axis and/or the Y-axis. Correcting the errors caused by cross-axis sensitivity requires calibration of each gyroscope, which is costly.

MEMS gyroscopes are typically fabricated from silicon. The silicon layer is etched using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The gyroscopes are formed using batch fabrication, which means several thousand gyroscopes are formed in the single etch step. Gyroscopes using conventional springs are more responsive to the cross-axis sensitivity because conventional springs couple in-plane motion to out-of-plane motion due to fabrication errors. The challenge is to produce a high accuracy gyroscope with high yield and small size to maintain low cost. The present invention addresses such a need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A system and method in accordance with an embodiment reduces the cross-axis sensitivity of a MEMS force sensor such as a gyroscope. This is achieved by building a gyroscope using a mechanical transducer that comprises a spring system that is less sensitive to fabrication imperfection and optimized to minimize the response to the rotations other than the intended input rotation axis. A key feature of the present invention is a spring system that is less sensitive to the fabrication imperfections caused by the non-idealities in the deep reactive etching process which is used to manufacture high aspect ratio micro gyroscopes and other force sensors.

The spring system minimizes coupling of the in-plane motion to out-of plane motion, which is due to the non-ideal (non vertical) cross section of the springs caused by fabrication imperfections. In-plane to out-of plane coupling is the main cause of cross axis sensitivity, in which a gyroscope for example responds to angular velocity about axes other than the intended sensitive axis.

Gyroscopes using conventional springs are more responsive to the cross-axis sensitivity because conventional springs couple in-plane motion to out-of-plane motion due to fabrication errors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a conventional micro machined yaw gyroscope.

FIG. 2A illustrates the cross-section of a cantilever beam with an ideal cross-section.

FIG. 2B illustrates the cross-section of a cantilever beam with a non-ideal or non-vertical cross-section.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a common spring system.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a spring system in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a second embodiment of a spring system.

FIG. 6 illustrates a third embodiment of the spring system.

FIG. 7 illustrates a yaw gyroscope in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 illustrates a second embodiment of a yaw gyroscope in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates generally to MEMS devices and more particularly to springs utilized in such devices. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment and the generic principles and features described herein will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a conventional micro machined yaw gyroscope 10. The yaw gyroscope 10 is comprised of a drive frame 11, a proof mass 12, drive springs 13 a-13 d, sense springs 14 a and 14 b, anchors 15 a and 15 b, transducers 16 a and 16 b, and electrostatic drive combs 17 a-17 d. The yaw gyroscope 10 is suspended over and parallel to a substrate 18. The drive frame 11 is supported by the drive springs 13 a-13 d each of which extends from the support anchors 15 a and 15 b attached to the substrate 18. The gyroscope 10 includes a proof mass 12 which is attached to the drive frame 11 by the sense springs 14 a and 14 b.

The drive frame 11 and the proof mass 12 are driven into oscillation in an X-direction in a plane by the drive comb structures 17 a-d which are coupled to a alternating voltage source (not shown) and generate alternating electrostatic forces in the plane. The proof mass 12 is typically oscillated at a frequency of between 10 kHz to 40 kHz. In an embodiment, the frequency is greater than 20 kHz. Rotating the yaw gyroscope 10 with an angular velocity can impart a Coriolis force to the oscillating proof mass 12. The Coriolis force is proportional to the angular velocity and depends on the orientation of the axis of the angular velocity with respect to the oscillation direction of the proof mass. The Coriolis force, the angular velocity, and the oscillation direction of the proof mass are mutually orthogonal.

In the yaw gyroscope 10, angular velocity about the Z-axis imparts a Coriolis force in the Y-direction on the proof mass 12 oscillating in the X-direction. The Coriolis force in the Y-direction imparted to the proof mass 12 is sensed by measuring the motion of the proof mass 12 in the Y-direction by the use of the transducers 16 a and 16 b. The transducers 16 a and 16 b may be electrodes that form capacitances to the proof-mass 12, wherein the capacitances change as a result of the proof-mass motion.

In the yaw gyroscope 10, angular velocity about the Y-axis imparts a Coriolis force in the Z-direction on the proof mass 12 oscillating in the X-direction. In an ideal yaw gyroscope 10, the motion generated by the Coriolis force in the Z-direction imparted on the proof mass 12 is usually insignificant compared to the motion generated by the Coriolis force in the Y-direction because the out-of-plane stiffness of the sense springs is usually much bigger than the in-plane stiffness of the sense springs 14 a and 14 b. The difference between the in-plane and out-of plane stiffness is achieved by increasing the thickness (H) to width (W) ratio (aspect ratio) of the sense springs 14 a and 14 b. In other words, the springs 14 a and 14 b etched with high aspect ratio can provide the needed difference between the in-plane and out-of plane stiffness to minimize the motion of the proof mass 12 in the Z direction.

In bulk micromachining, high aspect ratio structures can be generated with the use of deep reactive etching process (DRIE). DRIE can provide a thickness to width ratio greater than 20:1 for single crystal silicon structures. However, although DRIE is a good process to manufacture high aspect ratio structures, it includes some non-idealities. One of the most important drawbacks of the DRIE is the non-vertical or tilted cross sections generated during the etching process. The tilt angle of the sidewall of the cross section is generally called the showerhead angle. Non-vertical cross sections occur due to the non-uniform distribution of the etchants among the wafer during the DRIE process.

The effect of the showerhead angle on the flexure elements in the microstructures can be explained by cantilever beams. FIG. 2A illustrates the cross-section of a cantilever beam with an ideal cross-section 20. FIG. 2B illustrates the cross-section of a cantilever beam 20′ with a non-ideal or non-vertical cross-section.

If a force is applied in a direction to the cantilever beam 20 with the ideal cross section, the beam 20 purely deflects in the direction of the force. However, due to the non-idealities of the micro machining process the cross section of the cantilever beam 20′ can be non-vertical as shown in FIG. 2B.

A cantilever beam 20 with non-ideal cross section has different characteristics than the beam with the ideal cross section. If a force (Fi) is applied to the cantilever beam 20, as shown in FIG. 2A, the beam 20 will deflect purely in the X direction. However, if a force applied to the non-ideal beam 20′, as shown in FIG. 2B, the beam will tend to deflect in the i1 direction because the compliant axis of the beam 20′ is not parallel to the X-Y plane. In response to a force in the X-direction, the deflection of the beam 20′ will be both in the X-direction and the Z-direction. Similarly if a force is applied in the Z-direction to the beam 20′, the beam 20′ will deflect both in X- and Z-directions.

In micro mechanisms various types of beams or spring systems have been used to provide compliance to the mass that they are attached. One of the common spring systems that have been used in the microstructures is shown in FIG. 3A. The spring system 25 that is shown in FIG. 3A is comprised of two flexible elements 26 a and 26 b and one rigid element 27. In this spring system 25, the deflection of the flexible elements 26 a and 26 b is minimized by the added rigid element. When a force 28 is applied to the spring system 25, the flexible elements 26 a and 26 b deflect and the rigid element rotates around the Z-axis as shown in FIG. 3B. This type of spring system 25 ideally deflects in the direction of the force applied as the cantilever beams given previously. However, due to the non-idealities in the etching process the cross section of the flexible elements 26 a and 26 b of the spring system 25 can be non-vertical as shown in FIG. 2B. Hence, the displacement of the spring system 25 will also deviate from the ideal condition. For example, if an in-plane force is applied, in the Y-direction, to this spring system 25 with non-ideal flexible element cross section, the resulting deflection of the spring system 25 will be both in the Y-direction and the Z-direction.

Microstructures are generally built to be used as sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, compass etc. The basic principle behind the microstructures is usually based on sensing the externally applied forces. In such microstructures, externally applied force is converted to deflection and the deflection is sensed by various types of transducers. Consequently, ideal force input to deflection output is crucial in order to build a sensor with good performance. In other words, it is desired to have a resulting deflection solely in the direction of the force applied. If the externally applied force generates a deflection in the unintended direction of sensing, the sensor can have a degraded response, can give erroneous results, or can have cross-axis sensitivity.

Specifically, deviation of the intended motion direction from the applied force direction may cause problems in the conventional gyroscopes. One of the main problems is named as cross-axis sensitivity. Cross-axis sensitivity is a measure of the undesired response of a sensor other than the intended axis of measurement for angular velocity sensors and accelerometers. It is the erroneous measurement of the sensor as a result of the imperfections of the sensing transducer.

An ideal micromachined gyroscope, which does not have any cross-axis sensitivity, will only respond to the intended input rotation axis. If a micromachined gyroscope does not accurately reflect the intended input rotation axis, measurements of the gyroscope will be erroneous.

If the non-idealities like non-vertical cross-section, shown in FIG. 2A, is present on the drive springs 13 a-13 d or the sense springs 14 a and 14 b of a conventional yaw gyroscope 10, shown in FIG. 1, the drive frame 11 or proof-mass 12 will move both in the intended direction and partially in an unintended direction. There will be two different effects on the operation of the gyroscope depending on which of the springs have a non-vertical cross-section.

If the drive springs 13 a-13 d have a non-vertical cross section, they will tend to deflect both in X-direction and Z-direction during the motion of the drive frame 11 which is actuated by the comb structures 17 a-17 d. The effect of the non-vertical cross-section is that the proof-mass 12 oscillates both in the X-direction and partially in the Z-direction instead of oscillating only in the X-direction as with the ideal cross-section of the drive springs 13 a-d.

When the proof mass 12 oscillates in the X-direction, angular velocity about the Z-axis, causes a Coriolis force in the Y-direction. The Coriolis force in the Y-direction causes the proof-mass 12 to move in the Y-direction which is measured by the transducers 16 a and 16 b. However, the proof mass 12 oscillates not only in X-direction but also in the Z-direction due to the non-vertical cross-section of the drive springs 13 a-d. Thus, angular velocity about the X-axis will also cause a Coriolis force in the Y-direction. Hence, the proof-mass 12 will move in the Y-direction in response to angular velocity about the Z-axis and the X-axis, causing the yaw gyroscope 10 to have cross-axis sensitivity.

If the sense springs 14 a and 14 b have a non-vertical cross section, they will tend to deflect both in the Y-direction and the Z-direction due to a Coriolis force acting on the proof-mass 12.

When the proof mass 12 oscillates in the X-direction, angular velocity about the Y-axis, causes a Coriolis force in the Z-direction. In the ideal case, the Coriolis force in the Z-direction causes the proof-mass 12 to move only in the Z-direction but not in the Y-direction, so the transducers 16 a and 16 b do not respond to angular velocity about the Y-axis. However, due to non-vertical cross-section of the sense springs 14 a and 14 b, the Z-directed Coriolis force causes the proof-mass 12 to move both in the Z-direction and the Y-direction. The proof-mass 12 motion in the Y-direction will be detected by the transducers 16 a and 16 b. Hence the yaw gyroscope 10 will have cross-axis sensitivity because it responds to angular velocity about the Z-axis and the Y-axis.

Pitch gyroscopes and roll gyroscopes sense angular velocity about an axes in the plane of the gyroscope. Pitch or roll gyroscopes may comprise a proof-mass oscillating in the plane and a transducer that senses out-of-plane motion of the proof-mass resulting from Coriolis forces in the Z-direction. Similar to yaw gyroscopes, non-vertical cross-section may also cause cross-axis sensitivity in pitch or roll gyroscopes due to the coupling of in-plane to out-of plane motion.

The forces applied to the cantilever beam 20 of FIG. 2, the spring system 25 in FIG. 3A, and to the drive springs 13 a-13 d and sense springs 14 a and 14 b of the conventional gyroscope 10 are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the flexible elements. Since the force applied is transverse to the longitudinal-axis, the deflections of the flexible elements are due to bending. If the flexible element has a non-vertical cross-section, the bending will cause deflections not only in the direction of the force applied but also in a direction orthogonal to the intended axis of motion which causes undesired motion of the structures coupled to the spring system.

FIG. 4A illustrates a spring system 30 in accordance with an embodiment. The spring system 30 comprises a first flexible element 32 a coupled to a rigid element 34. The rigid element 34 in turn is coupled to a second flexible 32 b element. The first flexible element 32 a is anchored, but in other embodiments may be connected to other mechanical structures. The longitudinal axes of the first and second flexible elements 32 a and 32 b are parallel to each other and parallel to the intended direction of motion. The midpoint 35 of the first flexible element and the midpoint 36 of the second flexible element are aligned along the axis 37 perpendicular to the intended direction of displacement. When a force 38 acts along the axial direction, or longitudinal-axis, of the flexible elements 32 a and 32 b, spring system deflects in the intended direction of displacement The force 38 causes both flexible elements 32 a and 32 b to bend in the plane and the rigid element 34 acts as a lever arm to increase the deflection as shown in FIG. 4B.

If a force is applied to the spring system 30, the flexible elements 32 a and 32 b will bend in-plane and the spring system 30 will deflect in the Y-direction as shown in FIG. 4B. If the flexible elements 32 a and 32 b have a non-vertical cross-section, the flexible elements 32 a and 32 b will bend in-plane and bend out-of-plane. The out-of-plane bending will cause the rigid element 34 to rotate about the X-axis. If both flexible elements 32 a and 32 b have the same cross-section, for example due to the both elements 32 a and 32 b having the same angle of the etching, the Z-axis displacement at the end of the spring system 30 is significantly reduced compared to the conventional spring systems with non-vertical cross-sections. The out-of-plane displacement is approximately proportional to the distance between the midpoint of the flexible elements 32 a and 32 b in the Y-direction. Thus the spring system 30 deflects in the direction of the in-plane force with substantially no deflection out-of-plane, which can be used to reduce cross-axis sensitivity.

Two alternate embodiments of the low cross-axis spring system are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. FIG. 5 illustrates a second embodiment of the spring system. This embodiment has all the same features of the first embodiment, but the shape of the rigid element 34′ is different and the flexible elements 32 a′ and 32 b′ connect to the same side of the rigid element. This embodiment operates in a similar manner to the first embodiment and similarly minimizes cross-axis coupling.

FIG. 6 illustrates a third embodiment of a spring system 50. The spring system 50 comprises first, second, and third flexible elements 52 a-52 c coupled to a rigid element 54. The second flexible element 52 b is anchored, but in other embodiments may also be connected to other mechanical structures. Similar to the first embodiment, the longitudinal axes of the first, second and third flexible elements 52 a-52 c are parallel to each other and parallel to the intended direction of motion. The midpoints of all three flexible elements 52 a-52 c should be substantially aligned along an axis perpendicular to the direction of motion 58. Opposing forces are applied along the axial direction, or longitudinal-axis, of the first and third flexible elements 52 a and 52 c. The forces cause all flexible elements to bend in the plane. The rigid element 54 causes the endpoints of the first and third flexible elements 52 a and 52 c to move in opposite directions. This spring system 50 provides for two points to move in opposite directions with low cross-axis coupling.

The spring systems introduced in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 5 and 6 are advantageous in sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, force sensors, etc., that comprise a mechanical element that moves in response to a force and a transducer for measuring the deflection of the mechanical element. The cross-axis sensitivity of such sensors is reduced by using the low-cross axis spring system.

FIG. 7 illustrates a yaw gyroscope 100 in accordance with an embodiment. The yaw gyroscope 100 comprises a guided mass system 190 which includes the spring systems 110 a and 110 b, drive mass 140 and proof mass 150 on a substrate 101. Spring systems 110 a and 110 b comprise the flexible elements 103 a-b and 105 a-b, and the rigid lever arms 104 a and 104 b. The gyroscope 100 is supported by the flexible elements 105 a and 105 b each of which extends from a support anchor 102 attached to a substrate 101. Spring systems 110 a and 110 b are coupled to the drive mass 140 by the flexible elements 103 a and 103 b. The proof-mass 150 is flexibly connected to the drive mass 140 via sense spring systems 180 a-180 d. Sense spring systems 180 a-180 d are stiff in the X-direction such that when the guided mass system 190 is driven, the proof mass 150 also translates with the drive mass 140 in the X-direction.

The guided mass system 190 is driven into oscillation by the electrostatic drive comb structures 160 a and 160 b which are coupled to an alternating voltage source. Similar comb structures (not shown) may be capacitive sensors that are transducers for measuring the motion of the drive mass 140. When the guided mass system is oscillating, the drive mass 140 and the proof-mass 150 oscillate in the X-direction. Angular velocity about a Z-axis will cause a Coriolis force to act on the proof mass 150 in the Y-direction resulting in motion of the proof mass 150 in the Y-direction. A transducer 170 is used to sense the motion of the proof mass 150 in the Y-direction which provides a measure of the angular velocity about the Z-input axis. The transducer 170 may be an electrode that forms a capacitance to the proof-mass 150, wherein the capacitance changes as a result of the proof-mass motion.

Imperfections in the fabrication process can cause the flexible elements 103 a and 103 b, 105 a and 105 b to have non vertical cross sections in the gyroscope 100 configuration shown in FIG. 7. Even if the flexible elements 103 a and 103 b, 105 a and 105 b have a non-vertical cross section, the drive mass 140 and the proof-mass 150 will move in the X-direction and the out-of plane motion is minimized due to spring system 110 a and 110 b. Consequently, the non-ideal response of the yaw gyroscope 100 to the angular velocity about the X-axis, is reduced compared to gyroscopes using conventional springs. The yaw gyroscope 100 will not respond to the angular velocity about the X axis and will not have cross-axis sensitivity.

Since the yaw gyroscope 100 given in FIG. 7 is oscillated along the X-axis during the drive motion, angular velocity about the Y-axis, causes a Coriolis force in the Z-direction on the proof mass 150. Even if the flexible elements of the spring systems 180 a-180 d have a non-vertical cross section, the Coriolis force in the Z-direction causes the proof-mass to move only in the Z-direction but not in the Y-direction since the spring system 180 a-180 d prevents the coupling of forces in the Z-direction to motion in the Y-direction. In this manner, the yaw gyroscope 100 will not respond to the angular rate about the Y axis and will not have cross-axis sensitivity.

FIG. 8 illustrates a second embodiment of a yaw gyroscope comprising a guided mass system 200 in accordance with the present invention. The guided mass system 200 comprises a symmetric guided mass system 201 which includes spring systems 210 a and 210 b, drive masses 140 a and 140 b, and proof masses 150 a and 150 b. Spring systems 210 a and 210 b comprise the drive flexures 105 a and 105 b, 103 a-103 d and the rigid lever arms 204 a and 204 b. Spring systems 210 a and 210 b are coupled to the drive masses 140 a and 140 b by the springs 103 a, 103 c and 103 b, 103 d, respectively. The proof-masses 150 a and 150 b are flexibly connected to the drive masses 140 a and 140 b via sense springs 180 a-180 d and 180 e-180 h, respectively. When the guided mass system 200 is driven into oscillation by the AC voltage coupled to the comb drive structures 160 a-160 d, the drive masses 140 a and 140 b and the proof masses 150 a and 150 b translate anti-phase in the X-direction.

Angular velocity about the Z-input axis will cause Coriolis forces to act on the proof masses 150 a and 150 b resulting in motion of the proof masses 150 a and 150 b anti-phase along the Y-direction. The amplitude of the motion of the proof masses along the Y-direction is proportional to the angular velocity. Transducers 170 a and 170 b are used to sense the motion of the respective proof masses 150 a and 150 b along the Y-direction.

Similar to the previous embodiment, spring systems 210 a and 210 b reduce the cross-axis coupling between X-direction and Z-direction deflections. Hence even if the flexible elements have a non-vertical cross-section, when the guided mass system is driven into oscillation, drive masses 140 a and 140 b and the proof-masses 150 a and 150 b will oscillate only in the X-direction and unlike the conventional gyroscope the masses will not oscillate in the Z-direction. Consequently, the non-ideal response of the yaw gyroscope to the angular velocity about the X-axis, is reduced compared to gyroscopes using conventional springs.

Similar to the previous embodiment, spring systems 180 a-180 h prevent Z-directed Coriolis forces from causing Y-direction motion of proof-masses 150 a and 150 b. Hence, the yaw gyroscope will not respond to the angular rate about the Y axis and will not have cross-axis sensitivity.

Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device comprising: a proof mass system that includes a proof mass, the proof mass moves in a first direction in a plane in response to a force, and wherein the proof mass moves in the plane; and a spring system comprising a first flexible element, a first rigid lever arm, a second rigid lever arm and a second flexible element, wherein the first flexible element, the first rigid lever arm, the second rigid lever arm and the second flexible element are disposed in the plane, the first rigid lever arm being connected to the first flexible element, the second rigid lever arm being connected to the second flexible element, and the first flexible element and the second flexible element being connected to one another and wherein the first flexible element and the second flexible element each have a longitudinal axis parallel to the first direction of motion and wherein when the proof mass moves in the first direction, the first flexible element and the second flexible element bend in the plane, and the first and second rigid lever arms rotate in the plane.
 2. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the proof mass system comprises a transducer, wherein the transducer senses motion of the proof mass.
 3. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the first flexible element and a third flexible element each has a midpoint aligned along an axis perpendicular to the first direction of motion and the second flexible element and a fourth flexible element each has a midpoint aligned along an axis perpendicular to the first direction of motion.
 4. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the force is in response to gravity.
 5. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the force is in response to acceleration of the MEMS device.
 6. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the force is in response to a magnetic field.
 7. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the force is a Coriolis force in response to angular velocity.
 8. The MEMS device of claim 1, wherein the force is an electrostatic force.
 9. The MEMS device of claim 1, further comprising third and fourth flexible elements, wherein the third flexible element connects the first rigid lever arm to the proof mass, wherein the fourth flexible element connects the second rigid lever arm to the proof mass, and wherein the third flexible element and the fourth flexible element each has a longitudinal axis parallel to the first direction of motion.
 10. A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device comprising: a proof mass; a spring system compliant in a first direction of motion and coupled to the proof mass, the spring system comprising a first flexible element; and a first rigid lever arm coupled to the first flexible element, a second rigid lever arm coupled to a second flexible element, and the first flexible element and the second flexible element being coupled to one another, wherein the first flexible element and the second flexible element each have a longitudinal axis parallel to the first direction of motion, wherein the proof mass and the spring system are disposed in a plane, and wherein the proof mass moves in the first direction of motion in the plane in response to a force. 